Washing machine dye is cheapish- about £5 - and I have used it many times to rejuvenate old clothes, cheer up battered jeans, make faded black things black again etc . But bear in mind that it is unlikely to dye stitching ( this is usually nylon which doesn't dye easily), it won't dye over bleach marks and stains will still be there, just a different colour. But if the garment is basically OK, and you have a washing machine, it's great, especially for brightening up old white or beige clothes. And it doesn't hurt the washing machine. And read the instructions first!
If its plain t-shirt, for example, you could layer it with a bold vest top over it, you could wear a large belt, you could wear a few long necklaces with it, you could wear it under a short sleeve dress, wear different cardigans over the top...the list is never ending!
If your budget doesn't run to buying new clothes, why don't you alter your existing ones? You can take things in or up, or add decorative details such as ribbon trims quite cheaply.
Accessories! I have a rather restrictive dress code at work and manage to keep my sanity by wearing different necklaces, bracelets, earrings, etc. This can be a really inexpensive way to update your wardrobe.
Think about the combinations you wear your clothes. We usually wear 20% of our clothes 80% of the time. That statistic can refer to the quantity in our wardrobe but very much also to how we wear them together. For instance I would never have put chocolate brown with blue, but it works, so try your clothes with different coloured tops and skirt.pants colour combinations you usually wear. Getting out of your safety zone pallete wise can still be tasteful and extend your clothes options. So you can still look good this way